History

history discipline. history, the discipline that studies the chronological record of events (as affecting a nation or people), based on a critical examination of source materials and usually presenting an explanation of their causes. The general articles contain many cross-references to specific historical movements and events and to biographies of significant figures. Information on any specific historical topic, such as the history of specific peoples, cultures, countries, and regions, will be found under the relevant title. For the principal treatment of the subject of historiography and the scholarly research necessary for the discipline, see historiography. For information on the historical aspects of military affairs, economics, law, literature, sciences, art, philosophy, religion, and other fields of human endeavour, the reader should also first consult the relevant title and review the subtopics in the Table of Contents. History is treated in a number of articles. Publius Ventidius Publius Ventidius, (born before 90 BC, Asculum Picenum, Picenum [now Ascoli Piceno, Italy]—died soon after 38 BC), Roman general and politician who rose from captivity to military fame, a change of fortune frequently cited by ancient authors.
BRITANNICA QUIZ Prehistory and Origins: Fact or Fiction? Was the first metal to be worked in prehistory aluminum? Are Homo sapiens the only human species to have existed? From Neanderthals to the origins of the Maori, test the depth of your knowledge of prehistory and origins in this quiz. He died soon after celebrating a triumph at Rome. In 89, Ventidius was led in Strabo’s triumphal procession at Rome. In his youth, Ventidius was captured by the forces of the Roman general Pompeius Strabo in his native town of Asculum Picenum, which had joined the revolt (90–88) of Rome’s Italian allies—peoples in Italy not incorporated into the Roman state. Sent by Antony to expel the Parthians from Anatolia and Syria, Ventidius defeated the enemy at the Cilician Gates (mountain pass in present-day southern Turkey) and Mount Amanus in 39 and at Mount Gindarus in 38. Ventidius’ forces reinforced those of Antony, and Antony in turn made Ventidius a consul. The prisoner was soon freed, and for years he probably made a living as an army contractor. Eventually Ventidius’ talents were recognized by Julius Caesar, who enlisted his aid during the Civil War (Caesar against Pompey and the Optimates, 49–46) and appointed him praetor for 43. In the struggle for power that followed the assassination of Caesar (44), Ventidius sided with the Caesarian leader Mark Antony.

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