TIGER

tigris altaica) is the largest, measuring up to 4 metres (13 feet) in total length and weighing up to 300 kg (660 pounds). The Indian, or Bengal, tiger (P. tiger, (Panthera tigris), largest member of the cat family (Felidae), rivaled only by the lion (Panthera leo) in strength and ferocity. tigris tigris) is the most numerous and accounts for about half of the total tiger population. The Siberian, or Amur, tiger (P.

The tiger is endangered throughout its range, which stretches from the Russian Far East through parts of North Korea, China, India, and Southeast Asia to the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Males are larger than females and may attain a shoulder height of about 1 metre and a length of about 2.2 metres, excluding a tail of about 1 metre; weight is 160–230 kg (350–500 pounds), and tigers from the south are smaller than those of the north.The rare Siberian tiger has longer, softer, and paler fur. The underparts, the inner sides of the limbs, the cheeks, and a large spot over each eye are whitish. sondaica of Java, Bali, and Sumatra. Although most classifications separate the species into six subspecies, some merge subspecies or suggest that two tiger species exist, P. The Indo-Chinese (P. White tigers, not all of them true albinos, have occurred from time to time, almost all of them in India (see also albinism). tigris sumatrae) tigers are bright reddish tan, beautifully marked with dark, almost black, vertical stripes. tigris on the mainland of Asia and P. tigris corbetti), and Sumatran (P. The tiger has no mane, but in old males the hair on the cheeks is rather long and spreading. Black tigers have been reported less frequently from the dense forests of Myanmar (Burma), Bangladesh, and eastern India.Under stress it may climb trees. Having evolved in the temperate and subtropical forests of eastern Asia, the tiger is less tolerant of heat than other large cats, which may explain why it is an adept swimmer that appears to enjoy bathing. Grasslands, mixed grassland-forests, and deciduous rather than densely canopied forests support maximum population densities, as these habitats maintain the highest number of prey species. Natural history The tiger has adapted to a great variety of environments, from the Siberian taiga, where nights can be as cold as −40 °C (−40 °F), to the mangrove swamps of the Sundarbans, where the temperatures reach more than 40 °C (104 °F). Tigers haunt the ruins of buildings such as courts and temples and are at home in habitats ranging from dry grassland to rainforest.The solitary nature of the species also helps minimize territorial conflict. Cattle are occasionally taken from human habitations, and some tigers can thrive on domestic livestock. During this time the offspring must endure long periods of absence by the mother while she is away hunting. The average life span of a tiger in the wild is about 11 years. The tiger usually hunts by night and preys on a variety of animals, but it prefers fairly large prey such as deer (sambar, chital, and swamp deer) and wild pigs. No trait of the tiger has fascinated humans more than man eating. A number of reasons account for this—disability caused by age or injury, paucity of prey, acquisition of the habit from the mother, or defense of cubs or kill. After making a kill and consuming what it can, it makes a deliberate attempt to hide the carcass from vultures and other scavengers so that another meal can be obtained. There is no fixed breeding season, though the preponderance of mating appears to occur in winter, with striped cubs being born after a gestation period of more than three months. With the reduction in the number of tigers, the occurrence of man-eating tigers has become rare except in the Sundarbans, the northeast Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, and neighbouring Nepal in and around Royal Chitwan National Park.

As solitary animals, tigers (especially males) establish and maintain their own territories, the size and nature of which vary with the number and distribution of prey, the presence of other tigers in the area, the nature of the terrain, the availability of water, and individual characteristics. The cubs remain with the mother until about the second year, when they are nearly adult and are able to kill prey for themselves. A special liking for porcupines, despite the danger of injury from their quills, is an exception. As the top predator throughout its range, the tiger plays a major role in controlling not only its prey population but that of other predators such as the leopard, dhole (Asiatic wild dog), and clouded leopard. Skill in killing and obtaining prey is only partly instinctive, maternal training being essential for proficiency. There is thus a long period of weaning, tutelage, and training during which cub mortality is high, especially if food is scarce. Male cubs grow more quickly than females and tend to leave their mother earlier. Spacing between individuals and maintenance of territories are achieved through vocalization, scrapings on the ground, claw marking of trees, fecal deposits, scent deposited by the rubbing of facial glands, and spraying of urine mixed with scent secreted from the anal glands. The tigress does not breed again until her cubs are independent. Such associations, however, do not last long. They are born blind, and, even when their eyes open, opacity prevents clear vision for six to eight weeks. Though cub infanticide (mainly by males) is known, it is not very unusual to find a male with a tigress and cubs, even sharing a kill. Weaker cubs get less food because of the aggressiveness of their stronger siblings as food is less frequently made available. Tigers are not averse to commandeering a kill from other tigers or leopards, and they sometimes eat carrion. For this reason, tigers raised in captivity would not fare well if released into the wild. The normal litter size is two to four, though up to seven cubs have been recorded. Healthy large mammals are generally avoided, although there have been recorded instances of the tiger’s having attacked elephants and adult water buffalo. Nonetheless, confrontations do occur, sometimes resulting in injury and even death. The readiness of a tigress to mate is announced through vocalization and scent production.Tigers and humans

Next to the elephant and the lion, no wild animal is so frequently portrayed in Asian art and lore. The greatest of the Gupta emperors of ancient India, Samudra, minted special gold coins depicting him slaying tigers. Tigers are represented on seals from the ancient Indus civilization. Tippu Sultan even vented his frustration at his inability to defeat the British by ordering a special life-size toy, replete with sound, of a tiger mauling a British soldier. Every 12th year of the Chinese calendar is the year of the tiger, and children born in it are considered especially lucky and powerful. The persistent practices of using tiger parts as talismans, tonics, or medicine, despite all scientific evidence contrary to their efficacy, are manifestations of beliefs that emanate from the aura of the tiger and the awe that it has inspired for millennia. Certain animist communities still worship the tiger. In Hindu mythology the tiger is the vahana (“vehicle”) of the goddess Durga.tigris amoyensis) is the most endangered, with only a few dozen animals remaining. The Malayan subspecies (P. The South China tiger (P. tigris balica). Three subspecies have gone extinct within the past century: the Caspian (P. As the century drew to a close, only 5,000 to 7,500 were left in the wild, and captive tigers may now outnumber wild ones. Since then, the world’s tiger population has declined to about 3,200 animals. tigris corbetti) in 2004, is composed of perhaps 500 individuals. tigris sondaica), and the Bali (P. The Siberian and Sumatran subspecies number less than 500 each, and the Indo-Chinese population is estimated at less than 300. They were also killed on the grounds that they posed a danger to humans. Because the tiger is so closely related to the lion, they can be crossbred in captivity. Tigers were prized as trophies and as a source of skins for expensive coats. The offspring of such matings are called tigons when the male (sire) is a tiger and ligers when the sire is a lion. At the beginning of the 20th century, the world’s tiger population was estimated at 100,000, even though they had been hunted for at least a thousand years. tigris jacksoni), which was determined to be genetically distinct from the Indo-Chinese subspecies (P. tigris virgata) of central Asia, the Javan (P.China, the only country with three subspecies of tigers, is also giving special attention to conservation. In Russia, where poaching seriously endangered the Siberian tiger, concentrated effort and effective patrolling have resulted in a revival of the subspecies. India, which accounts for half the world’s tiger population, declared it the national animal and launched Project Tiger in 1973, a successful program under which selected tiger reserves received special conservation efforts and status. Serious concern for the declining number of tigers was expressed during the latter half of the 20th century, and gradually all countries in the tiger’s range took measures to protect the animal, but with varying degrees of success. Nepal, Malaysia, and Indonesia have set up a string of national parks and sanctuaries where the animal is effectively protected; Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam are pursuing the same course. The tiger is now legally protected throughout its range, but law enforcement is not universally effective.In countries such as India, the needs of rapidly growing human populations over the last two centuries have reduced both the quantity and the quality of habitat. The World Wide Fund for Nature has been a pioneer and the largest contributor, along with corporate donors and nongovernmental organizations. Skulls, bones, whiskers, sinews, meat, and blood have long been used by Asians, especially the Chinese, in medicines, potions, and even wine. Reduction in prey populations results in greater dependence on livestock and the consequent retribution from man. In addition, high-ranking officials of 13 countries hosting tiger populations gathered in St. Forests and grasslands so favoured by the tiger are cleared for agriculture. Fortunately, the status of the tiger has aroused widespread empathy, and its cause has received substantial international support. Petersburg, Russia, in 2010 for the International Forum on Tiger Conservation and agreed to help one another double overall tiger numbers by 2022. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species is entrusted with the task of controlling illegal trade in tiger derivatives. In the 1970s tiger hunting for sport was banned in most countries where tigers lived, and the trade in tiger skins was outlawed. These products are presumed to be useful in the treatment of rheumatism, rat bites, and various other diseases, for the restoration of energy, and as aphrodisiacs; whiskers are believed to cause intestinal ulcers in one’s enemies. Poaching and the underground trade in tiger parts continue despite seizures and destruction of the confiscated parts. Although poaching has been responsible for keeping the number of tigers low during the past three decades, wild tigers would still be threatened even if all poaching ceased. Nevertheless, tiger skins are still highly valued for display and for worship, as are claws, teeth, and clavicles for talismans.